Vulnerability Database

328,409

Total vulnerabilities in the database

CVE-2025-21598

An Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Juniper Networks Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved's routing protocol daemon (rpd) allows an unauthenticated, network-based attacker to send malformed BGP packets to a device configured with packet receive trace options enabled to crash rpd. This issue affects:

Junos OS: 

  • from 21.2R3-S8 before 21.2R3-S9, 
  • from 21.4R3-S7 before 21.4R3-S9, 
  • from 22.2R3-S4 before 22.2R3-S5, 
  • from 22.3R3-S2 before 22.3R3-S4, 
  • from 22.4R3 before 22.4R3-S5, 
  • from 23.2R2 before 23.2R2-S2, 
  • from 23.4R1 before 23.4R2-S1, 
  • from 24.2R1 before 24.2R1-S1, 24.2R2.

Junos OS Evolved:

  • from 21.4R3-S7-EVO before 21.4R3-S9-EVO, 
  • from 22.2R3-S4-EVO before 22.2R3-S5-EVO, 
  • from 22.3R3-S2-EVO before 22.3R3-S4-EVO, 
  • from 22.4R3-EVO before 22.4R3-S5-EVO, 
  • from 23.2R2-EVO before 23.2R2-S2-EVO, 
  • from 23.4R1-EVO before 23.4R2-S1-EVO, 
  • from 24.2R1-EVO before 24.2R1-S2-EVO, 24.2R2-EVO.

This issue requires a BGP session to be established.

This issue can propagate and multiply through multiple ASes until reaching vulnerable devices.

This issue affects iBGP and eBGP.

This issue affects IPv4 and IPv6.

An indicator of compromise may be the presence of malformed update messages in a neighboring AS which is unaffected by this issue:

For example, by issuing the command on the neighboring device:  show log messages

Reviewing for similar messages from devices within proximity to each other may indicate this malformed packet is propagating:   rpd[<pid>]: Received malformed update from <IP address> (External AS <AS#>) and   rpd[<pid>]: Malformed Attribute

  • Published: Jan 9, 2025
  • Updated: Nov 16, 2025
  • CVE: CVE-2025-21598
  • Severity: High
  • Exploit:

CVSS v3:

  • Severity: High
  • Score: 7.5
  • AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

CWEs:

Software From Fixed in
juniper / junos 21.2-r3-s8 21.2-r3-s8.x
juniper / junos 21.4-r3-s7 21.4-r3-s7.x
juniper / junos 21.4-r3-s8 21.4-r3-s8.x
juniper / junos 22.2-r3-s4 22.2-r3-s4.x
juniper / junos 22.3-r3-s2 22.3-r3-s2.x
juniper / junos 22.3-r3-s3 22.3-r3-s3.x
juniper / junos 22.4-r3 22.4-r3.x
juniper / junos 22.4-r3-s1 22.4-r3-s1.x
juniper / junos 22.4-r3-s2 22.4-r3-s2.x
juniper / junos 22.4-r3-s3 22.4-r3-s3.x
juniper / junos 22.4-r3-s4 22.4-r3-s4.x
juniper / junos 23.2-r2 23.2-r2.x
juniper / junos 23.2-r2-s1 23.2-r2-s1.x
juniper / junos 23.4-r1 23.4-r1.x
juniper / junos 23.4-r1-s1 23.4-r1-s1.x
juniper / junos 23.4-r1-s2 23.4-r1-s2.x
juniper / junos 23.4-r2 23.4-r2.x
juniper / junos 24.2-r1 24.2-r1.x
juniper / junos 24.2-r2 24.2-r2.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 21.4-r3-s7 21.4-r3-s7.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 21.4-r3-s8 21.4-r3-s8.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 22.2-r3-s4 22.2-r3-s4.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 22.3-r3-s2 22.3-r3-s2.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 22.3-r3-s3 22.3-r3-s3.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 22.4-r3 22.4-r3.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 22.4-r3-s1 22.4-r3-s1.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 22.4-r3-s2 22.4-r3-s2.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 22.4-r3-s3 22.4-r3-s3.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 22.4-r3-s4 22.4-r3-s4.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 23.2-r2 23.2-r2.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 23.2-r2-s1 23.2-r2-s1.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 23.4-r1 23.4-r1.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 23.4-r1-s1 23.4-r1-s1.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 23.4-r1-s2 23.4-r1-s2.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 23.4-r2 23.4-r2.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 24.2-r1 24.2-r1.x
juniper / junos_os_evolved 24.2-r2 24.2-r2.x

Frequently Asked Questions

A security vulnerability is a weakness in software, hardware, or configuration that can be exploited to compromise confidentiality, integrity, or availability. Many vulnerabilities are tracked as CVEs (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures), which provide a standardized identifier so teams can coordinate patching, mitigation, and risk assessment across tools and vendors.

CVSS (Common Vulnerability Scoring System) estimates technical severity, but it doesn't automatically equal business risk. Prioritize using context like internet exposure, affected asset criticality, known exploitation (proof-of-concept or in-the-wild), and whether compensating controls exist. A "Medium" CVSS on an exposed, production system can be more urgent than a "Critical" on an isolated, non-production host.

A vulnerability is the underlying weakness. An exploit is the method or code used to take advantage of it. A zero-day is a vulnerability that is unknown to the vendor or has no publicly available fix when attackers begin using it. In practice, risk increases sharply when exploitation becomes reliable or widespread.

Recurring findings usually come from incomplete Asset Discovery, inconsistent patch management, inherited images, and configuration drift. In modern environments, you also need to watch the software supply chain: dependencies, containers, build pipelines, and third-party services can reintroduce the same weakness even after you patch a single host. Unknown or unmanaged assets (often called Shadow IT) are a common reason the same issues resurface.

Use a simple, repeatable triage model: focus first on externally exposed assets, high-value systems (identity, VPN, email, production), vulnerabilities with known exploits, and issues that enable remote code execution or privilege escalation. Then enforce patch SLAs and track progress using consistent metrics so remediation is steady, not reactive.

SynScan combines attack surface monitoring and continuous security auditing to keep your inventory current, flag high-impact vulnerabilities early, and help you turn raw findings into a practical remediation plan.